Chapter I

     1.  The noun-ending o is not written.

akra

akra (sharp)
  oro
oro (gold)
  brilado
brilado (brilliance)
 
haro
haro (hair)
  kolero
kolero (anger)
  ĉagreno
ĉagreno (chagrin)
 
tremi
tremi (to shake)
  ludilo
ludilo (toy)
  ĝemo
gxemo (moan)
 
mevo
mevo (gull)
  drapo
drapo (cloth)
  voĉo
vocxo (voice)
 
papavo
papavo (poppy)
  homo
homo (human)
  reĝino
regxino (queen)
 
libro
libro (book)
  borilo
borilo (bore)
  orelo
orelo (ear)
 
faleti
faleti (to stumble)
  muta
muta (mute)
  fera
fera (iron)
 
benado
benado (blessing)
  lakto
lakto (milk)
  helpo
helpo (help)
 

 

     2.
S, Z
Ŝ, Ĵ
left s or right s
down
sx, jx

     It is rarely necessary to distinguish z from s, or ĵ from ŝ, but when confusion might arise, z and ĵ are distinguished by an oblique dash.

roso
roso (dew)
  rozo
rozo (rose)
  ĵaluza
jxalusa (jealous)
 
raso
raso (race)
  razo
razo (razor)
  ĵaŭdo
jxauxdo (Thursday)
 

     3.  Phonetically, c equals ts, and can be thus written, but the s stroke alone will generally suffice, especially as in many words the Esperanto word will be written with the same outline as the cognate English word.

cindro
cindro (ashes)
  paco
paco (peace)
cipreso
cipreso (cypress)
  cerbo
cerbo (brain)
cetera
cetera (remaining)
  cikuto
cikuto (water hemlock; cowbane)
celo
celo (goal)
  selo
selo (saddle)

     4.  The infrequent sound ĥ closely approximates kh and is written by the sign for k with a dot over it.

monaĥo
monahxo (monk)
  ĥemio
hxemio (chemistry)
ĥolero
hxolero (cholera)
  monarĥo
monarhxo (monarch); currently, "monarko" is the word for monarch.

     5.  Ng and nk are expressed by ng and nk.

inko
inko (ink)
  stango
stango (pole; rod)
  onklo
onklo (uncle)
 
ŝranko
sxranko (cabinet)
  lango
lango (tongue)
  fingro
fingro (finger)
 

General Exercise

sapo

sapo (soap)
  cedro
cedro (cedar)
  rango
rango (rank)
 
spico
spico (spice)
  ŝtonego
sxtonego (boulder)
  zumi
zumi (to buzz)
 
ĵetas
jxetas (throw)
  zenito
zenito (zenith)
  sumi
sumi (to sum up)
 
bovaĵo
bovajxo (beef)
  cinika
cinika (cynical)
  ĵaketo
jxaketo (jacket)
 
sono
sono (sound)
  paroĥo
parohxo (parish)
  amuzema
amuzema (tending toward amusement; giddy)
 
zono
zono (belt)
  vizaĝo
vizagxo (face)
  ĝusta
gxusta (correct, accurate)
 
ŝiri
sxiri (to tear or rip)
  lignaĵo
lignajxo (woodwork)
  senĝena
sengxena (carefree; relaxed)
 
sankta
sankta (holy)
  ŝlosilo
sxosilo (key, wrench)
  zebro
zebro (zebra)
 
ringo
ringo (ring)
  ŝako
sxako (chess)
  acido
acido (acid)
 
vidaĵo
vidajxo (view)
  razilo
razilo (razor)
  cigno
cigno (swan)
 
vidiĝo
vidigxo (appearance; coming into view)
  legaĵo
legajxo (reading material)
  signo
signo (character, mark)
 
cidro
cidro (cider)
  ŝvelaĵo
sxvelajxo (swelling)
  figuraĵo
figurajxo (figuring)
 
© Andrew Owen. All Rights Reserved.