Chapter II
Diphthongs
6. Since j is the consonantal form of i, it is written by the small circle.
| juna |  |
jupo |  |
jolo |  |
|||
| juro |  |
juvelo |  |
juĝi |  |
7. At the beginning of words, je is written by a small loop and ja by a large loop.
| je |  |
ja |  |
jaro |  |
|||
| jen |  |
jam |  |
jako |  |
8. If it should be absolutely essential to distinguish between i and j, it is done by placing a small breve underneath the j.
| iodo |  |
jodo |  |
9. Aŭ is written as it sounds. Eŭ is expressed with a dot under the e to distinguish it from i.
| aŭ |  |
eŭ |  |
| laŭ |  |
Eŭropo |  |
| raŭka |  |
eŭgeniko |  |
10. As a word ending, aŭ may be omitted.
| ambaŭ |  |
apenaŭ |  |
11. When the vowel u comes immediately before another vowel, it can be expressed by a horizontal dash under the vowel.
| dua |  |
trotuaro |  |
| Zuavo |  |
nuanco |  |
12. Ia and ea are expressed by a dot within the large circle.
| iam |  |
fiasko |  |
| kreado |  |
miasmo |  |
13. In word endings the dot is omitted.
| mia |  |
alia |  |
| genia |  |
nacia |  |
14. Ie is expressed by a dash under the small circle.
| ie |  |
ĉie |  |
mielo |  |
|||
| mieno |  |
fiera |  |
biero |  |
15. The combination aj is expressed by the broken circle.
| Majo |  |
ajn |  |
| najlo |  |
fajro |  |
16. The combinations aje and ajo are expressed by joining the small and the large circles.
| krajono |  |
kajero |  |
| najado |  |
majoliko |  |
This sign is also used for the infrequent combinations ae and ai.
| naiva |  |
balais |  |
17. At the beginning of a word, a before another vowel is expressed by a dot.
| aero |  |
aorto |  |
18. When the combination ej is followed by a consonant, it is sufficient to write the small circle.
| hejmo |  |
mejlo |  |
19. When a vowel follows it (in a few uncommon words), ej may be written the same as aj and distinguished by a dot.
| cejano |  |
lernejano |  |
20. Other vowel combinations are formed by the simple joining of the signs.
| boato |  |
tieulo |  |
balaos |  |
|||
| fojno |  |
foiro |  |
naŭope |  |
21. The plural ending
oj is written by the stroke 
or 
(up),
care being taken to join this sign in accordance with the principles of
uniform movement.
| haroj |  |
floroj |  |
ratoj |  |
|||
| pecoj |  |
homoj |  |
ludoj |  |
22. This ending may be used (when necessary) to form the plural of adjectival wordsigns. When they are accompanied by a noun, it will not be necessary, as a rule, to express the plural of adjectives.
| bela |  |
belaj |  |
| bona |  |
bonaj |  |
| belaj floroj |
|